Vitalik Buterin, Ethereum co-founder, has outlined a plan to improve the network’s security and scalability through new ‘hard invariants’. In recent years, significant upgrades like EIP-2929 and EIP-3529 have been implemented to enhance SLOAD costs and limit refunds. The upcoming Dencun update is expected to weaken the SELFDESTRUCT function in 2024. Furthermore, by 2025, Ethereum aims to establish a single transaction limit of 16,777,216 gas units, effectively restricting transaction size and mitigating denial-of-service attacks while simplifying user operations. Further measures to enhance security, including limitations on code byte access, ZK-EVM prover cycles, and memory pricing, are also in the pipeline.