Ethereum co-founder Vitalik Buterin delivered a keynote address titled ‘The Future of Ethereum L1’ at the ETHAsia 2025 event during the 2025 Hong Kong Web3 Carnival. During his talk, he discussed the potential for scaling Ethereum’s Layer 1 (L1) network and how existing technologies used for L2 solutions could be applied to L1. Buterin suggested that L2 solutions leverage the asymmetry between production and verification, a concept that can also benefit L1. He outlined how L2 solutions would address various areas including handling large-scale operations, improving transaction speed with reduced latency, and protecting against maximal extractable value (MEV), using diverse virtual machine (VM) designs.